Monetary Policy Essay Example for Free

Monetary Policy Essay Introduction Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, usually targeting a rate of the interest for the purpose of promoting economic grown and stability. ( Wikipedia ) In the short run, monetary policy affects the lever of output as its compositions can also affects the lever of output. An increase in money leads to a decrease in interest rates and a depreciation of the currency. Both of them can lead to an increase in the demand for goods and an increase in output. (Blanchard, 2009) There are two different ways of monetary policy, an increase in money supply is called monetary expansion and a decrease in the money supply is called monetary contraction. This essay express how monetary policy can rise the lever of aggregate demand in the short run based on money supply, interest rate, income and bond price. The relation between the nominal income and demand As we know thar the relation between the demand for money, nominal income and the interest rate is: Md =$Y L(i) (-) that means the interest rate has a negative effect on money, an decrease in the interest rate increases the demand for money. In other words, the demand for money increases in proportion to nominal income, and the demand for money depends negatively on the interest rate. According to the Figure1, the initial equilibrium is at point A. As increase in nominal income from $Y to $Y, increasing the level of transactions, which increases the demand for money at any interest rate. The money demand curve shifts from left to the right(Md to Md) the new equilibrium moves from A up to A, and the equilibrium interest rate increases from i to i. [pic] Figure 1: The effects of an Increase in Nominal Income on the Interest Rate. Source: Adapted form Blanchard 2009 Thus, an increase in nominal income can raise the level of demand for money in the short run. The relation between the money supply and demand When the money supply changes, the interest rate will changes in proportion to the supply. The relation between them shows in figure 2. [pic] Figure 2: The effects of an increase in the Money Supply on the Interest Rate Source: Adapted form Blanchard 2009 The initial equilibrium is at point A, the interest rate is i. An increase in the money supply, from Md=M to Ms=M, leads to a shift of the money supply curve to the right. The equilibrium moves moves from A down to A, the interest rate decreases from i to i. It indicate that an increase in the supply of money by the central bank leads decrease in the interest rate, thus can raise the level of demand for money in short run. At the same time, an increase of the demand for money needs more output in order to satisfy the high demand for money, then people will earn more money, in the end the level of aggregate demand would also increase. The relation between monetary policy and interest rate When analysis the IS-LM curve, a same answer can be got. For the IS curve, as the money supply does not directly affect either the supply of or the demand for goods, a change of M does not appear in the IS relation to shift it. For the LM curve, however, as we know that an increase in the money supply shifts the LM curve down, from LM to LM. In other words, an increase in money leads to a decrease in the interest rate. Take all factors into consideration, the economy moves along the IS curve, and the equilibrium moves from A to A, output increases from Y to Y, and the interest rate decreases from i to i. [pic] Figure 3: The effects of a Monetary Expansion Source: Adapted form Blanchard 2009 Therefore, increasing money supply, decreasing interest rate and increasing income can raise the level of aggregate demand(Blanchard 2009) Turn to consider about the effects of an open market operation. The price of the bond today is equal to the final payment divided by 1 plus the interest rate(Blanchard 2009). $PB=$F/1+i That means the higher the price of the bond, the lower the interest rate. So the central bank increases the money supply in open market operations by buying bonds lead to an increase in the price of bonds, a decrease in the interest rate, an increase in the level of aggregate demand in the short term. The relevance for the UK since 2009 For example, according to the figure 4, the level of GDP in UK has experienced a plunge since 2007 because of the crisis. At the same time, we can see from the figure5, the bank rate gradually increased since 2007, more and more companies do not willing to invest new projects, that leads to a lower output. However, since 2009 the level of GDP consistent rise and will continue this trend in the following years. The main reason is bank rate experienced a plummet, from 6% in 2007 to 0.8%. Figure4:Projection of the level of GDP based on market interest rate expectations and  £375 billion asset purchases Source: Bank of England August 2012 Inflation Report Figure5: Bank of England Rate: observed and predicted by markets Source: Bank of England August 2012 Inflation Report As mentioned before, an decrease interests leads to an increase output, thus leads to an increase demand, Conclusion Therefore, government and central bank can use monetary policy to rise the level of aggregate demand, including buying bonds, decreasing rates, increasing income and money supply. Reference: Blanchard, O. (2009). Macroeconomics. New Jersey: pearson education, Inc

Proper use of Pesticides :: Chemistry Chemical Pesticide Essays

Proper use of Pesticides Storage of chemicals Store pesticides in a locked and posted facility where children or other untrained people cannot get to them. Read the labels on pesticide containers for correct storage procedures. Select a storage site high enough that damage from flooding will be unlikely and downwind and downhill from sensitive areas such as houses, play areas and ponds. Pesticide storage facilities should also be located away from homes and livestock facilities to avoid or minimize contamination in case of fire.Pesticide and expended pesticide containers are best stored in a separate building, room, or enclosure, depending on the size of the pesticide inventory. The storage area should be on the first floor to minimize contamination from a possible leaky container, and the storage area must keep the pesticides dry, cool and out of direct sunlight. The latter requirements are necessary because some pesticides are rendered useless if they become too hot or damp, if they freeze, or if they are exposed to ultrav iolet radiation from the sun.Sacks, cartons and fiberboard boxes containing pesticides should be stored on wooden pallets or on shelves off the floor. Securely lock all possible entrances to the storage area. Hang or mount weatherproof signs stating "Danger — Pesticides, Keep Out!!" or similar warnings over every entrance to the facility. An exhaust fan for ventilation should be used in storage rooms to reduce the temperature and high concentration of toxic fumes.An adequate supply of water and detergent or soap is essential in the storage area. We recommend routine use of these cleaning agents by people who work with pesticides or pesticide-related materials or equipment. Also, water is a quick first aid in a poisoning emergency. Materials such as activated charcoal, vermiculite, absorbent clay, pet litter, ground corncobs or sawdust need to be readily available at the storage site to soak up spills and leaks. Hydrated lime and sodium hypochlorite (chlorinated household blea ch) can be used to neutralize pesticides in an emergency. A shovel, dust pan, broom, and proper type of fire extinguisher are other essential items.Do not store pesticides near food for human consumption, animal feed, fertilizer, seed, veterinary supplies, or other stored products. To prevent contamination or to avoid accidentally using the wrong pesticide, store different pesticides in separate locations within the storage area.Store pesticides only in the original container, with the label plainly visible. Never store pesticides in anything used as a food or drink container, even for a short time.

Peace in Mindanao

The peace process in Mindanao still needs a lot of work. The path to peace on the Bangsamoro sector. The establishment of compromising and reaching of the meeting of minds has been conducted. What I want to see is how this will all played out. It is one big step and a giant leaf to a very narrow treacherous process to surpass from but the president assures that it will be done or happen when our countrymen will be willing to help them in their quest for peace.The people itself will have to give justification on the stipulation and not only must the president himself will be the one to fight for peace but also the people itself that must be as well involve for this is their nation to bring about the prospering of peace in the land. We all do want peace. But there is no real peace. Then has always been conflict. What action can we take in the name of peace? Can both sides change the politics of anger and resentment into a policy of cooperation?The Filipino’s lack of discipline e ncompasses several related characteristics. We have a casual and relaxed attitude towards time and space which manifest itself into lack of precision and compulsiveness, in poor time management and in procrastination. We are impatient and unable to delay gratification or reward, resulting in the use of shortcuts, in skirting the rules (pasulot syndrome) and foolhardiness. We are guilty of ningas cogon, starting out projects with full vigor and interest which abruptly die down leaving things unfinished.Our lack of discipline often results in inefficient, wasteful work system, violation of rules leading to more serious transgression and a casual work ethic leading to carelessness and lack of follow-through. The path to peace is always a sensitive topic to obtain. In life there are no shortcuts and so we must be conscious not to show our weakness in character when we mean business. I just hope in this modernize world by while walking on the road with the right determination and enduran ce that it eventually lead to the right path and that is the path to peace.There is no need for haste because peace does not come out automatically, after all people do have safety precautions labeled on each one of us that trust does not easily be gain but you work for it. As the saying goes â€Å"hastes makes wastes†. Filipinos do have strength in characters as well. One of that is the pakikipagkapwa-tao where Filipinos are open to others and fell one with others. We regard others with dignity, respect and deal with them as fellow human beings.It is manifested in a basic sense of justice, fairness and concern for others. It is demonstrated in the ability to empathize with others, helpfulness and generosity in times of need (pakikiramaray), in the practice of bayanihan and the famous Filipino hospitality. Throughout human history, mankind has seemingly always been able to solve problems. So there is a possibility that this dilemma can be surpassing despite the obstacles that awaits it. Peace in Mindanao The peace process in Mindanao still needs a lot of work. The path to peace on the Bangsamoro sector. The establishment of compromising and reaching of the meeting of minds has been conducted. What I want to see is how this will all played out. It is one big step and a giant leaf to a very narrow treacherous process to surpass from but the president assures that it will be done or happen when our countrymen will be willing to help them in their quest for peace.The people itself will have to give justification on the stipulation and not only must the president himself will be the one to fight for peace but also the people itself that must be as well involve for this is their nation to bring about the prospering of peace in the land. We all do want peace. But there is no real peace. Then has always been conflict. What action can we take in the name of peace? Can both sides change the politics of anger and resentment into a policy of cooperation?The Filipino’s lack of discipline e ncompasses several related characteristics. We have a casual and relaxed attitude towards time and space which manifest itself into lack of precision and compulsiveness, in poor time management and in procrastination. We are impatient and unable to delay gratification or reward, resulting in the use of shortcuts, in skirting the rules (pasulot syndrome) and foolhardiness. We are guilty of ningas cogon, starting out projects with full vigor and interest which abruptly die down leaving things unfinished.Our lack of discipline often results in inefficient, wasteful work system, violation of rules leading to more serious transgression and a casual work ethic leading to carelessness and lack of follow-through. The path to peace is always a sensitive topic to obtain. In life there are no shortcuts and so we must be conscious not to show our weakness in character when we mean business. I just hope in this modernize world by while walking on the road with the right determination and enduran ce that it eventually lead to the right path and that is the path to peace.There is no need for haste because peace does not come out automatically, after all people do have safety precautions labeled on each one of us that trust does not easily be gain but you work for it. As the saying goes â€Å"hastes makes wastes†. Filipinos do have strength in characters as well. One of that is the pakikipagkapwa-tao where Filipinos are open to others and fell one with others. We regard others with dignity, respect and deal with them as fellow human beings.It is manifested in a basic sense of justice, fairness and concern for others. It is demonstrated in the ability to empathize with others, helpfulness and generosity in times of need (pakikiramaray), in the practice of bayanihan and the famous Filipino hospitality. Throughout human history, mankind has seemingly always been able to solve problems. So there is a possibility that this dilemma can be surpassing despite the obstacles that awaits it.

The History and Domestication of Cassava

Cassava (Manihot esculenta), also known as manioc, tapioca, yuca, and mandioca, is a domesticated species of tuber, a root crop originally domesticated perhaps as long ago as 8,000–10,000 years ago, in southern Brazil and eastern Bolivia along the southwestern border of the Amazon basin. Cassava is today a primary calorie source in tropical regions around the world, and the sixth most important crop plant worldwide. Fast Facts: Cassava Domestication Cassava, commonly called manioc or tapioca, is a domesticated species of tuber, and the sixth most important food crop in the world.  It was domesticated in the southwestern Amazon of Brazil and Bolivia some 8,000-10,000 years ago.  Domesticate improvements include traits which must have been added by means of clonal propagation.  Burned tubers of manioc were discovered at the classic Maya site of Ceren, dated to 600 CE.   Cassava Progenitors The progenitor of cassava (M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia) exists today and is adapted to forest and savanna ecotones. The process of domestication improved the size and production level of its tubers, and increased the photosynthesis rate and seed functionality, by using repeated cycles of clonal propagation—wild manioc cannot be reproduced by stem cuttings. Archaeological macro-botanical evidence of cassava in the little-investigated Amazon basin has not been identified, partly because root crops do not preserve well. Identification of the Amazon as the point of origin was based on genetic studies of cultivated cassava and all various possible progenitors, and the Amazonian M. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia was determined to be the wild form of todays cassava plant. Amazon Evidence: The Teotonio Site The oldest archaeological evidence for manioc domestication is from starches and pollen grains from sites outside the Amazon.  In 2018, archaeologist Jennifer Watling and colleagues reported the presence of manioc phytoliths attached to stone tools at the southwestern Amazon Teotonio site in Brazil very near the Bolivian border. The phytoliths were found in a level of dark earth (terra preta) dated to 6,000 calendar years ago (cal BP), 3,500 years older than any terra preta anywhere else in the Amazon to date. The manioc at Teotonio was found alongside domesticated squash (Cucurbita sp), beans (Phaseolus), and guava (Psidium), indicating that the inhabitants were early horticulturalists in what is becoming recognized as an Amazonian center of domestication. Cassava Species Around the World Cassava (Manihot esculenta), root and ground for dinner.   Rodrigo Ruiz Ciancia / Moment / Getty Images Cassava starches have been identified in north-central Colombia by approximately 7,500 years ago, and in Panama at Aguadulce Shelter, about 6,900 years ago. Pollen grains from cultivated cassava have been found in archaeological sites in Belize and Mexicos Gulf coast by 5,800–4,500 bp, and in Puerto Rico between 3,300 and 2,900 years ago. Thus, scholars can safely say that the domestication in the Amazon had to happen before 7,500 years ago. There are numerous cassava and manioc species in the world today, and researchers still struggle with their differentiation, but recent research supports the notion that they are all descended from a single domestication event in the Amazon basin. Domestic manioc has larger and more roots and increased tannin content in the leaves. Traditionally, manioc is grown in the field-and-fallow cycles of slash and burn agriculture, where its flowers are pollinated by insects and its seeds dispersed by ants. Manioc and the Maya The Pompeii of North America, Joya de Ceren, was buried in a volcanic eruption in August 595 CE. Ed Nellis Members of the Maya civilization cultivated the root crop and it may have been a staple in some parts of the Maya world. Manioc pollen has been discovered in the Maya region by the late Archaic period, and most of the Maya groups studied in the 20th century were found to cultivate manioc in their fields. The excavations at Ceren, a classic period Maya village that was destroyed (and preserved) by a volcanic eruption, identified manioc plants within the kitchen gardens. Manioc planting beds were discovered some 550 feet (170 meters) away from the village. The manioc beds at Ceren date to approximately 600 CE. They consist of ridged fields, with the tubers planted on the top of the ridges and water allowed to drain and flow through the wales between the ridges (called calles). Archaeologists discovered five manioc tubers in the field which had been missed during harvesting. Stalks of manioc bushes had been cut into 3–5 foot (1–1.5 meter) lengths and buried horizontally in the beds shortly before the eruption: these represent preparation for the next crop. The eruption occurred in August of 595 CE, burying the field in nearly 10 ft (3 m) of volcanic ash. Sources Brown, Cecil H., et al. The Paleobiolinguistics of Domesticated Manioc (Manihot esculenta). Ethnobiology Letters 4 (2013): 61–70. Print.Clement, Charles R., et al. The Domestication of Amazonia before European Conquest. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 282.1812 (2015): 20150813. Print.De Matos Viegas, Susana. Pleasures That Differentiate: Transformational Bodies among the Tupinambà ¡ of Olivenà §a (Atlantic Coast, Brazil). Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 18.3 (2012): 536–53. Print.Fraser, James, et al. Crop Diversity on Anthropogenic Dark Earths in Central Amazonia. Human Ecology 39.4 (2011): 395–406. Print.Isendahl, Christian. The Domestication and Early Spread of Manioc ( Manihot Esculenta Crantz): A Brief Synthesis. Latin American Antiquity 22.4 (2011): 452–68. Print.Kawa, Nicholas C., Christopher McCarty, and Charles R. Clement. Manioc Varietal Diversity, Social Networks, and Distribution Constraints in Rural Ama zonia. Current Anthropology 54.6 (2013): 764–70. Print.Sheets, Payson, et al. Manioc Cultivation at Ceren, El Salvador: Occasional Kitchen Garden Plant or Staple Crop? Ancient Mesoamerica 22.01 (2011): 1–11. Print.Watling, Jennifer, et al. Direct Archaeological Evidence for Southwestern Amazonia as an Early Plant Domestication and Food Production Centre. PLOS ONE 13.7 (2018): e0199868. Print.

Factors Contributing to the Ups and Downs of Friendship in...

The absence or presence of invidiousness has the potency to strengthen or dismember friendships. In John Knowles’ A Separate Peace, Gene Forrester and his daring roommate, Finny, discover the dangerous impact of enviousness on their friendship. Gene’s jealousy of Finny’s athletic capabilities, Finny’s unenviable thoughts and actions, and Brinker’s suspicions that Gene’s envy catalyzed Finny’s accident were all contributing factors to the ups and downs in Gene’s and Finny’s relationship. Detesting a friend for his/her successes can rupture even the strongest relationships. Gene’s invidiousness of Finny’s numerous sports achievements transforms into a resentful hatred. One day, when the boys are about to perform their daily ritual of†¦show more content†¦When Finny jokingly says he was extremely envious of Gene one day, Gene bursts and unknowingly concludes that â€Å"all of [Finny’s] assertio ns of friendship were fake and [he] was only jealous of my success† (Knowles 34). Finny’s meaningless comment sparks Gene’s anger, invoking him to accuse Finny of befriending him only to bring him down. Gene’s sudden lash informs Finny of Gene’s distrust and jealousy of him. Similarly, Gene starts to feel a sense of betrayal from Finny, beginning to believe that Finny’s friendship is unreal. The argument, which is centered on Gene’s jealousy, slowly rips the boys away from one another, because of lack of trust in each other. Therefore, in this case, Gene’s envy tardily tore apart his relationship with Finny. However, the lack of invidiousness in a friendship fortifies the relationship even more. Repeatedly, throughout the book, Gene is astonished by Finny’s ability to be accepting of other’s successes, without exhibiting any envy or spite. As Gene’s past arguments with Finny display, Gene conceived that Finn y was jealous of his academic success. On page 77, Gene’s ideas are disproven when Finny flaunts his admiration for Gene’s acquirement: â€Å"‘It [academics] seemed to come so naturally to you; I [Finny] never realized you had to study’† (Knowles 77). Finny’s words show his admiration for Gene’s drive to progress at what heShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages76 Self-Assessment Library Am I Engaged? 78 Myth or Science? â€Å"Favorable Job Attitudes Make Organizations More Profitable† 83 Point/Counterpoint Employer–Employee Loyalty Is an Outdated Concept 87 Questions for Review 88 Experiential Exercise What Factors Are Most Important to Your Job Satisfaction? 89 Ethical Dilemma Bounty Hunters 89 Case Incident 1 Long Hours, Hundreds of E-Mails, and No Sleep: Does This Sound Like a Satisfying Job? 90 Case Incident 2 Crafting a Better Job 91 4 Emotions and

My Personal Gender History And Gender Socialization

My personal gender history began in September of 1995, when I was born a biological female in Bethpage, Long Island, New York. Growing up, I would say I had an atypical gender socialization experience. Girls were playing with dolls, learning to prepare food and clothes and essentially everything that is associated with â€Å"women’s duties† and boys were playing with toy cars, weapons, and action figures, while being encouraged to practice different sports. Upon this humanly devised and regulated binary, how does our society determine or define so-called manhood and womanhood? How are these constructed? Gender socialization begins the moment we are born, from the simple question â€Å"is it a boy or a girl?† (Gleitman, Fridlund, Resiberg, 2000) We learn our gender roles by agencies of socialization, which are the â€Å"teachers† of society. The main agencies in Western society are the family, peer groups, schools and the media. In respect with gender socialization, each of the agencies could reinforce the gender stereotypes. Gender differences result from the socialization process, especially during our childhood and adolescence. In American society, the color pink is associated with girls and the color blue with boys. Even as babies, boys and girls are dressed differently, according to what is considered â€Å"appropriate† for their respective sexes. Because I was born a biological female, my family automatically decorated my room with every pink or purple item imaginable, and I wasShow MoreRelatedGender, Gender And Gender Roles863 Words   |  4 PagesGender can sometimes be seen as biological characteristics humans have, when in fact it is the social characteristic ones society deems either masculine or feminine. Sex, on the other hand, is the biological differences in humans, for example, hormones and sex organs. People usually play gender roles in society, otherwise known as gender ideology. 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BI Implementation and its Capabilities Free-Samples for Students

Question: Describe four key Capabilities of BI solutions as shown in the figure below that are supported through BI tools in various Organisations in the particular Industry. Answer: Introduction One of the major challenges facing to managers in the recent days is coming up with appropriate decisions because it is hard to recognize whether information is good or bad. Coming up with bad decision because of relying on wrong information are making institutions in education sector to be at the risk of failing (Stevan, 2011). This is the major reason why most of managers in the education industry try to avoid wrong decisions. In order to improve decision making, the managers should collectively utilize a collective knowledge and experiences shared through information obtained from reliable sources and through the right process. In this sense, the four synergistic capabilities of BI enable managers to enhance the effectiveness of decision making and problem solving. The synergistic capabilities plays an important role in harnessing and exploiting the data in colleges, universities and other learning institutions from their systems, with the aim of maintaining coming up with right d ecisions. Organization memory In the education sector, colleges, universities and other learning institutions use this component for keeping records of all events that occur. The historical data and information in learning institutions plays a significant role in various aspects involved in running the organizations (Surdak, 2014). Some of these aspects include decision making, problem solving and other factors. In other words, the organizational memory components are concerned with accumulation of data, information and knowledge that has affected the learning institution in its history. The work of organizational memory is generally concerned with collecting quantitative data accumulated over time. This kind of data is important for learning institutions because it assists the management in making decision concerning various aspects affecting their organization. It also assists stakeholders to come up with good analysis of how an organization has been performing over time. The organizational memory provides input of data to information integration. Organizational memory in learning institutions is associated with individuals ability to store and retrieve information (Earnest Karinch, 2011). This means managers in the learning institutions must ensure there are good systems for storing information and also the management teams knows the importance of storing historical data. To make use of organizational memory, colleges, universities and other learning institutions make use of their retrieval systems from their archives and other information and data sources concerned in storing historical data for the organization (Earnest Karinch, 2011). After the organizational memory, the next aspect of business intelligence is usually information integration. Information integration Information integration involves the merging of data from the heterogeneous sources with differing conceptional, contextual and typographical representations (Samer, 2014). Universities and other learning institutions use this tool for data mining and consolidation of information from various semi-structured or unstructured sources. Information integration plays an important role in learning institutions because it assists in linking the past unstructured and structured data from different sources with real-time information (Iryna, 2010). To get full benefits of information integration, learning institutions integrate various factors like external information and knowledge obtained through environmental scanning, structured information obtained from ERP, and unstructured information from obtained from text mining. Without integrating these aspects, this type of content becomes challenging for coming up with new insights and may lead to wrong interpretation of results. Various technologies which enhance information integration in universities and colleges include; web mining, text mining, and environmental scanning. Information integration is basically linking structured and unstructured data from different sources (Dora, 2012). This component of BI plays an important role in education sector because it enhances intelligence through the use of information from disparate sources for the development of new insights. In learning institutions, decisions must be made from reliable sources and therefore basing decisions on information which has been well analyzed leads to sound decisions and planning. Learning institutions enhance their productivity because they have accurate data which is always available for establishing intelligent operational decisions (Iryna, 2010). Tone of the benefits of relying on accurate data is that it enables them to establish better structured programs that bring about the convergence of innovative thinking and technology in their institutions. This strategy enables the learning institutions to enhance the quality of education and also succeed in the competitive market they operate. Information integration feeds insight creation. Insight creation The work of insight creation is basically developing insights and using them in both long and short term decision making. Learning institutions make decisions based on information they get from the four synergistic capabilities of BI. At this level, the management uses information obtained from information integration to come up with new insights which assist them in coming up with decisions which can assist them to improve organizational performance. Developing insights and using them for short or long term decision making enables managers in learning institutions to come up with sound decisions concerning factors which impact the success of the organizations they operate (Alex, 2013). Some of these factors may include implementation of new system to enhance learning, introducing new courses and so forth. Implementation of these aspects enables the learning institutions to attract more students because people want to attain their academic dreams in institutions which prioritize providing high quality education. In education sector, creation of proper insights plays a significant role in enhancing the success of the organizations because as time goes on, people are realizing the importance of education and therefore the increase of this demand is leading increased competition in the sector (Nasser, 2017). Most of the people who want to attain higher education qualifications want to do it in organizations which are known to be the best in enhancing the quality of education. This means the only organizations which will succeed are the ones which use proper strategies to make decisions which can make them to attain a competitive advantage. Presentation capability Presentation ability means the ability to utilize the required reporting and balance scorecards tools. After making insights, learning institutions analyze the most appropriate reporting tools that can make their insights easily understandable different various stakeholders (Jennifer, 2010). This may include the students, tutors, government or any other person who influence the day to day running of the institution. These capabilities uses appropriate reporting and balanced scorecards facilities and therefore make BI more valuable to learning institutions. The use of good presentation assists the user to understand the insights easily. The manner in which insights are presented also enables people to determine how sound the decisions are. These means the presentations should be made in visual and user friendly formats. Decisions made through the use of information which are obtained from reliable sources leads to the success of learning institutions (Iryna, 2010). The increase in competition in this sector calls all learning institutions to ensure they have good sources of information which can assist them in ensuring all aspects which are required for enhancing the success of the institutions can be easily retrieved. In learning institutions, there are various factors that impact presentation. Some of these factors include role, task and preference. Various presentation capability technologies used to ensure insights are well presented in colleges, universities and other learning institutions comprise of online analytical processing, visualization, scorecards and digital dashboards. Just like other institutions, BI enhances various aspects which influence organizations. These include benchmarking, convenience and intelligence (Steve, 2010). Benchmarking in this case refers to competition and industry trends, intelligence refers to the ability to search and make use of data across disparate sources and finally, convenience refers to suitability and connectivity. Proper use of the four synergistic business intelligence tools assists managers in learning institutions to make proper decisions based on different types of data. Bibliography Alex, Y., 2013. Too Much Information: Ineffective Intelligence Collection. Harvard International Review, 25(1), pp. 23-67. Cristescu.P., 2016. 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